IB COMPUTER SCIENCE

SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS | HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION

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PLANNING AND SYSTEM INSTALLATION
USER FOCUS
SYSTEM BACKUP
SOFTWARE DEPLOYMENT
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
SYSTEM DESIGN
YOU ARE HERE | HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION
TOPIC 1 REVISION
KEY TERMINOLOGY
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SECTION 1 | HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION (HCI)

Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the design, evaluation, and implementation of computer systems and technologies that are usable and accessible to people. The goal of HCI is to create technology that is easy to use and understand, and that can help people accomplish their goals effectively and efficiently.

HCI involves the study of a wide range of topics, including user-centered design, interaction design, computer graphics, human factors and ergonomics, psychology, sociology, and more. It also involves the development of new techniques and technologies for designing and evaluating computer systems, including user interfaces, input devices, and other components that enable people to interact with computers.

In HCI, the focus is on understanding how people interact with technology, and on creating systems that support and enhance those interactions. The field is concerned with making technology accessible and usable for people of all ages, abilities, and cultures, and with ensuring that technology is designed with their needs and goals in mind.

SECTION 2 | USABILITY

Usability is a term used in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) to describe the ease with which people can use a computer system or technology to accomplish their goals. It refers to the effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction with which a user can interact with a product, and encompasses a wide range of factors, including the design of the user interface, the accessibility of the technology, the user's level of expertise, and the overall user experience.

Usability is a crucial aspect of HCI and is considered in the design and development of all types of computer systems, from software applications to websites to mobile devices. The goal of usability is to create technology that is easy to learn, use, and remember, and that supports the user's goals and needs in the most effective and efficient way possible.

In order to evaluate the usability of a technology, HCI researchers and practitioners use a variety of methods, including user testing, expert reviews, and heuristic evaluations. The results of these evaluations are then used to inform the design and development process, so that the technology can be improved and made even more usable.

SECTION 3 | COMMON USABILITY PROBLEMS

There are a number of usability problems that are commonly encountered with digital devices, including:

Complex user interfaces: Digital devices often have complex user interfaces that are difficult for users to navigate and understand. This can result in confusion, frustration, and decreased efficiency.
Poor accessibility: Many digital devices are not designed with accessibility in mind, making them difficult or impossible for users with disabilities to use.
Unintuitive design: Some digital devices have user interfaces that are not intuitive and do not follow established design conventions, making it difficult for users to understand how to interact with them.
Inadequate documentation: Many digital devices come with inadequate documentation or no documentation at all, making it difficult for users to learn how to use them effectively.
Limited customization options: Some digital devices have limited customization options, making it difficult for users to personalize their experience and tailor the device to their specific needs.
Poor error handling: Many digital devices have poor error handling, making it difficult for users to recover from errors and complete their tasks effectively.
Inadequate feedback: Some digital devices do not provide adequate feedback to users, making it difficult for users to know what is happening and whether their actions are having the desired effect.
Slow performance: Some digital devices are slow to respond, making it difficult for users to complete their tasks in a timely manner.
Unreliable software: Some digital devices have unreliable software, leading to crashes and other problems that can be difficult for users to recover from.

These are just a few examples of the many usability problems that can be encountered with digital devices. To address these issues, HCI researchers and practitioners work to create more usable and accessible technology that supports the needs and goals of users.

SECTION 4 | IMPROVING USABILITY

Improving the accessibility of systems is an important aspect of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), as it ensures that technology is usable by people with a wide range of abilities, including those with disabilities. There are a number of methods that can be used to improve the accessibility of systems, including:

User-centered design: User-centered design is a process in which the needs and goals of users are taken into account throughout the design and development process. This helps to ensure that the technology is accessible and usable for people with a wide range of abilities.
Accessibility guidelines and standards: There are a number of accessibility guidelines and standards, such as the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), that provide specific recommendations for making technology accessible. Adhering to these guidelines can help to ensure that the technology is usable by people with disabilities.
Alternative input and output methods: Alternative input and output methods, such as keyboard shortcuts, voice recognition, text to speech, and braille displays, can be used to make technology accessible to people with disabilities.
User testing: User testing is a process in which potential users are asked to use the technology and provide feedback on its accessibility and usability. This can help to identify and address any accessibility issues before the technology is released.
Assistive technology: Assistive technology, such as screen readers, magnifiers, and alternative keyboard layouts, can be used to help people with disabilities access and use technology.
Design for simplicity: Simple and straightforward designs can help to ensure that technology is accessible and usable for people with a wide range of abilities, including those with disabilities.
Regular evaluation and improvement: Regular evaluation and improvement of the accessibility of systems is an ongoing process, as new technologies and accessibility needs emerge.

By using these and other methods, it is possible to improve the accessibility of systems and ensure that technology is usable by people with a wide range of abilities.

SECTION 5 | EXAMPLE SCENARIOS

Usability problems can occur in all types of systems, here are some example scenarios.

e-Ticketing

Difficult navigation: The process of purchasing tickets online can be confusing, with a poorly designed website or a confusing layout that makes it difficult for users to find what they are looking for.
Slow performance: The website may be slow to load or slow to process transactions, making it difficult for users to complete their ticket purchase in a timely manner.
Security concerns: Users may be concerned about the security of their personal and financial information when making purchases online.

Online Payroll

Complex user interface: The online payroll system may have a complex user interface that is difficult for users to navigate and understand, leading to confusion and frustration.
Inadequate feedback: The system may not provide adequate feedback to users, making it difficult for them to know what is happening and whether their actions are having the desired effect.
Data accuracy: Users may be concerned about the accuracy of the data that is being entered into the system, as errors can lead to incorrect paychecks or other problems.

Scheduling

Unreliable software: The scheduling software may be unreliable, leading to crashes or other problems that can be difficult for users to recover from.
Limited customization options: The scheduling software may have limited customization options, making it difficult for users to personalize their schedules and meet their specific needs.
Inadequate documentation: The scheduling software may come with inadequate documentation, making it difficult for users to learn how to use it effectively.

Voice Recognition

Recognition errors: The voice recognition system may have difficulty recognizing certain words or accents, leading to errors and frustration for users.
Poor feedback: The system may not provide adequate feedback to users, making it difficult for them to know what is happening and whether their actions are having the desired effect.
Security concerns: Users may be concerned about the security of their personal information when using voice recognition technology, as it may store or transmit sensitive information.

These are just a few examples of the many usability problems that can occur in these systems. To address these issues, HCI researchers and practitioners work to create more usable and accessible technology that supports the needs and goals of users.

SECTION 6 | MORAL, ETHICAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS

The interaction between humans and machines has a number of moral, ethical, social, economic, and environmental implications that must be considered. Some of these implications include:

Moral and ethical implications: The development and use of technology raises a number of moral and ethical questions, such as the responsibility of companies and individuals in the creation and use of technology, the privacy and security of personal information, and the impact of technology on society and individual well-being.
Social implications: Technology has the potential to bring people together and create new opportunities for communication and collaboration, but it can also have negative social effects, such as increasing social isolation, reducing face-to-face interaction, and exacerbating existing social inequalities.
Economic implications: Technology can have a significant impact on the economy, both in terms of creating new job opportunities and in terms of causing job loss and wage stagnation. The development and use of technology can also have implications for the distribution of wealth and access to resources.
Environmental implications: The production and use of technology has a significant impact on the environment, including the use of finite natural resources, the production of electronic waste, and the release of harmful chemicals and greenhouse gases into the environment.
Psychological implications: Technology can have a profound impact on human psychology, including the effects of prolonged screen time, the impact of technology on attention and focus, and the impact of social media on self-esteem and body image.

It is important for individuals, organizations, and society as a whole to consider these implications when developing and using technology, and to take steps to minimize any negative impacts and maximize the benefits.

What is Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and what is its goal?
What is the definition of usability in HCI and why is it important?
Can you describe a range of usability problems that can occur with digital devices?
What methods can be used to improve the accessibility of systems?
How can regular evaluation and improvement of the accessibility of systems be achieved?
What are some of the moral and ethical implications of the interaction between humans and machines?
Can you describe some of the social implications of the interaction between humans and machines?
What are the economic implications of the interaction between humans and machines?
How does the interaction between humans and machines impact the environment?
What are some of the psychological implications of the interaction between humans and machines?

ALSO IN THIS TOPIC

PLANNING AND SYSTEM INSTALLATION
USER FOCUS
SYSTEM BACKUP
SOFTWARE DEPLOYMENT
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
SYSTEM DESIGN
HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION
TOPIC 1 REVISION
KEY TERMINOLOGY
TOPIC 1 ANSWERS