6.1.1 | AUTOMATED SYSTEMS
AUTOMATED SYSTEMS HARDWARE
SENSORS
Sensors are devices or modules that detect changes in physical or environmental conditions and send the information to a processing unit.
  • Detection: They detect changes such as light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any other environmental phenomenon.
  • Conversion: They convert these physical properties into signals, most sensors are analogue so they must first convert the signal using and Analogue to Digital Convertor (ADC) so the computer can interoperate the signal.
  • Transmission: These signals are then sent to a processing unit (such as a microprocessor) for further action.
MICROPROCESSORS
Microprocessors are integrated circuits that process instructions and manage the flow of information through a computer system.
  • Receiving Input: They receive signals or data inputs from sensors.
  • Processing: They process this data based on the programmed instructions and compare the inputs to pre-set values(software or firmware).
  • Controlling Output: They control output devices, such as actuators, based on the processed data.
ACTUATORS
Actuators are devices that move or control a system or mechanism by converting energy into motion.
  • Receiving Instructions: They receive instructions from a processing unit, like a microprocessor.
  • Converting Signals: They convert these instructions into physical action.
  • Performing Action: They perform the desired action, such as moving a part, opening a valve, or controlling a mechanism.
Some examples of actuators include:
  • Electric Motors | DC Motors: Used in toys, electric vehicles, and various household appliances. Stepper Motors: Commonly used in precision control devices like printers and clocks. Servo Motors: Employed in robotics, conveyor systems, and camera autofocus systems.
  • Hydraulic Actuators | Used in heavy machinery like bulldozers, excavators, and hydraulic presses, providing high force and robust performance.
  • Pneumatic Actuators | Employed in industrial automation, for instance, in manufacturing units to operate automated valves, lift heavy objects, or control machining tools.
  • Solenoids |  Used in a variety of applications, such as locking doors, triggering bells, or controlling fluid flow in valves.
  • Piezoelectric Actuators | Utilised in fine-positioning devices, for example in microscopes or to precisely control valves in some medical devices.
  • Thermal or Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) | Employed in specific applications requiring change in shape or state due to thermal variations, e.g., micro-actuators in biomedical devices.
  • LEDs and Light Actuators | While LEDs predominantly serve as indicators, they can also act as actuators in systems requiring light emission as a response, such as in optical communication systems.
  • Buzzers and Sound Actuators | Used in alarm systems, mobile phones, and various appliances where an audible response is required.
  • Relays | Electrically operated switches, used in applications where isolation between control and output circuits is required, for instance, in some automotive and industrial applications.
  • Linear Actuators | Used in adjustable furniture, industrial machinery, and some robotics applications to convert rotational motion into linear motion.
AUTOMATED SYSTEMS
In an automated system, sensors, microprocessors, and actuators work in a cyclic and coordinated manner, usually following these steps:

Data Collection
  • Sensors collect data from the environment or system.
  • This data could pertain to various parameters like temperature, pressure, proximity, or any other relevant metric.

Data Processing
  • The data from sensors is sent to the microprocessor.
  • The microprocessor, using its programmed logic, processes this data and decides what action needs to be taken.
  • This decision-making can involve complex algorithms or simple if-else logic, depending on the system’s requirements.

Execution of Action
  • Based on the processed data and decision, the microprocessor sends instructions to the actuators.
  • The actuators then perform the necessary action, which might involve moving a part, starting a motor, or triggering another system.

Feedback and Adjustment
  • Continuous feedback from the sensors can help the microprocessor make real-time decisions and adjustments.
  • The microprocessor might alter its instructions to the actuators based on this feedback to ensure the system adapts to changing conditions and operates optimally.

This collaborative working of sensors, microprocessors, and actuators form the core of various automated systems, enhancing efficiency, accuracy, and functionality in various applications across different industries.

Example Question
Explain how an Automated Greenhouse controls the environment?
Sensors measure parameters like temperature, humidity, and sunlight then send the signal to the microprocessor, the signal must first pass and ADC to convert the signal to digital so it can be read by the microprocessor. The microprocessor receives this data and, based on the predefined parameters, determines if the conditions are suitable for the plants. If adjustments are needed (e.g., if it’s too hot), the microprocessor sends a signal to the actuators. Actuators, like a cooling system or shading mechanism, activate to modify the conditions inside the greenhouse. The cycle repeats, ensuring the environment stays optimal for plant growth.

Some of the words highlighted in bold are words you should try to include in an examination answer to a question like the one given.
1: Define a sensor and provide two examples of sensors, explaining the physical property each detects and the type of signal it generates.
2: Explain how a microprocessor processes data from sensors and how it utilizes this data to make decisions in an automated system. Provide a brief example scenario.
3: Choose two types of actuators and describe their working principles along with an example application for each.
4: Describe the sequence of steps (from sensing to action) in an automated system, illustrating your points with a practical example such as an automatic door or a thermostat-controlled heating system.
5: What is feedback in the context of an automated system? Explain its importance and how a system might adapt its actions based on feedback, providing a relevant example to support your explanation.
ALSO IN THIS TOPIC
 6.1.1 SENSORS, MICROPROCESSORS AND ACTUATORS
6.1.2 AUTOMATED SYSTEMS IN ACTION
6.2.1 ROBOTICS
6.2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF A ROBOT
 6.2.3 ROBOT ROLES
 6.3.1 WHAT IS AI
​6.3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF AI
6.3.3 OPERATIONS AND CONTROLS OF AI
AUTOMATED SYSTEMS TERMINOLOGY
AUTOMATED SYSTEMS ANSWERS
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