BASIC CIRCUITS | SERIES VS PARALLEL

Please note that many aspects of working with electronic components and workshop equipment can be dangerous. This section is designed to provide a platform to help your teacher or supervisor guide you in learning. Incorrect use of equipment or mistakes made with live circuits can cause heat, fire, explosions and serious injuries. Always take care when doing projects and ensure adequate supervision by a qualified person and if needed and wear protective equipment.

SECTION 1 | CONTROL AN LED

PROBLEM	SOLUTION
LED doesn't light	Check polarity – long leg should be on the + side
Still not working	Check resistor and wires are in correct rows
LED is very dim	Try a lower resistor (e.g., 150Ω) or a different power source
LED blew out	You may have forgotten the resistor – always use one!

SECTION 2 | TURN THE LED ON WITH A BUTTON PRESS

TROUBLESHOOTING	SOLUTION
LED doesn't turn on	Check button placement — is it bridging the breadboard trench?
LED stays on always	Check if the pull-down resistor is connected properly
Button doesn’t respond	Try swapping rows, and make sure the button legs aren’t misaligned